Adaptive Droop Control for Autonomous and Resilient Operation of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind Microgrids

The incorporation of distributed generation (DG) units such as photovoltaic and wind systems into modern power networks is a critical step toward achieving a sustainable, low-carbon electricity supply. In a microgrid environment, the coexistence of multiple DG sources requires effective coordination to ensure proper load sharing, maintain power quality, and guarantee operational stability under changing conditions. The complexity increases further when the microgrid operates in both grid-tied and standalone modes, as seamless change among these modes must be achieved without disrupting the load or compromising system reliability. A key requirement in such systems is the precise matching of real and reactive power between local generation and load, enabling efficient utilization of resources and voltage stability. To achieve these objectives, advanced control strategies incorporating droop characteristics, energy storage systems, and dynamic reference generation are implemented. Droop-based P-f and Q-V control methods enable decentralized load sharing and voltage regulation, making the system resilient to disturbances and islanding events. Additionally, integrating battery storage with renewable sources not only supports transient power balancing but also enhances the microgrid’s ability to absorb fluctuations in generation and demand. This coordinated approach ensures that any impact of DG integration or islanding on the main grid is mitigated, enabling stable and consistent working of the microgrid control system in compliance with grid codes and operational requirements.

Cite this article as: M. Gupta, P. M. Tiwari, R. K. Viral and A. Shrivastava, “Adaptive droop control for autonomous and resilient operation of hybrid photovoltaic–wind microgrids,” Electrica, 26, 0304, 2026. doi: 10.5152/electrica.2026.25304.